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As a result, I do have recommendations for security software and techniques to stay safe in various articles all over Ask Leo! To make your life a little easier, here’s a short version that sums it all up. The short- short version. Most home and small- business users who don’t want to think about it too much should simply: Get a router, even if you have only one computer. This will be your primary firewall. Use Windows Defender, already installed in Windows 8, 8. Microsoft Office 2010 Tested Synonyms For GoodMicrosoft Security Essentials for earlier versions of Windows. This will be your anti- virus, anti- spyware, and malware scanner. Turn on Windows Update to keep your computer as up- to- date as possible. Microsoft Office 2010 Tested Synonyms For WordsTurn on Windows Firewall when you travel; perhaps just leave it on all the time. That’s it. Good basic protection in four steps with only one download. Basic security software: Windows Defender. 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Every so often, Windows Defender comes under fire for rating lower than other security packages in tests published online. As a result, every so often I get push- back – often angry push- back – that Windows Defender remains my primary recommendation. There are several reasons I stick to that position. No anti- malware tool will stop all malware. Malware can and does slip by even today’s highest rated packages.“Highest rated” changes, depending on the date, the test, and who’s doing the testing. There is no single, clear, consistent winner. Regardless of how the data is presented, the differences among detection rates across most current anti- malware tools is relatively small compared to other factors. There are also some very practical reasons I continue to prefer Windows Defender. It’s free. It’s already installed in Windows 8 and later – there’s nothing you have to do. In practice, it rarely impacts system performance. It integrates with Windows Update to keep itself up- to- date. It has no additional agenda: it’s not going to pester you with renewals, upgrades to more powerful versions, or up- sells to tools you just don’t need. It’s not perfect, but no security tool is. Thus my recommendation stands. Windows Defender remains a solid, free anti- virus and anti- spyware package with minimal system impact, and should be appropriate for almost anyone. Alternatives and additions. On the other hand, I fully recognize that Windows Defender might not be the right solution for everyone. No single product is. This is where I run into some difficulty trying to make recommendations. The landscape keeps changing. Tools that were once clearly free, have on more than one occasion, moved to promoting their paid product so heavily that the free version virtually disappears. People download and install programs thinking they are truly free only to discover, instead, a free trial, or a free download (if you want to keep it past a certain length of time you’re required to hand over money). Some programs have become as much self- promotion tools as they are anti- malware tools, bombarding you with sales pitches and upgrade offers to the point of getting in the way of your work. Things keep changing. So to the extent that I mention specific tools below, caveat emptor – “let the buyer beware”. I can’t honestly predict that the tools will remain recommendation- worthy. Malwarebytes Anti- Malware has evolved over the years from a tool that defied categorization – not really anti- virus, not really anti- spyware, but still catching things that other tools did not – to a full- featured anti- malware package. What’s important is that it continues to have a very good track record of removing troublesome malware that other packages sometimes miss. Spybot Search and Destroy is one of the longest running and highly regarded anti- spyware tools out there. Like Malwarebytes, it has also expanded to be a more fully- featured anti- malware tool. I used it for many years myself back in its anti- spyware days. AVG, Avira, and Avast, or the “three AV’s”, as I like to call them, are three other free solutions that I’ve recommended over the years. Caveats with all. I need to reiterate some important points. I’m referring to the FREE version of each of these tools, not the “Free Trial”. In several cases they are two completely different downloads. A “free trial” is just that – a trial, typically of a more fully- featured product. Unless you know otherwise, the truly FREE version of these tools would be my recommendation. Regardless of which you download, you are still likely to be faced with upgrade and up- sell offers to a more fully featured version, or even an ongoing subscription. Unless or until you know you want this, always decline. Speaking of declining: when installing any of these products, always choose custom installation – never the default. You may well get toolbars and other unrelated software you simply don’t need or want. Consider using Ninite to install these tools – all are available there. Offline scanner. If your machine becomes infected with malware of some sort, there’s a good chance that you won’t be able to actually download anything, because the malware will prevent it. That means you won’t be able to download the latest update of your anti- malware tools, or perhaps be able to run them at all. When that happens, you need an offline malware scanner. An offline scanner is simply a complete anti- virus and anti- spyware scanning tool that you download and burn to CD or DVD, or place on a USB memory stick, using another computer. You then boot the infected machine from the media you created and run the scanner. The infected Windows doesn’t run at all and the scanner can check, change, or repair more than the a normal scanner could. I recommend Windows Defender Offline for this purpose. Unfortunately, it’s not something you download and keep ready to use. In order to make sure you’re running the most recent update of the tool and its database of malware, it’s important to download it when you need it. What else? Firewall. For home and business use, I recommend the use of any good NAT router as a firewall. They don’t have to be expensive, and are one of the simplest approaches to keeping your computer safe from network- based threats. If all the computers on the local network side of the router can be trusted, there’s no need for an additional software firewall. When traveling, or if you don’t trust the kids’ computer connected to the same network as your own, I recommend turning on the built- in Windows Firewall. In recent versions of Windows, it’s likely already on by default. There’s often no harm in leaving it on, but it can occasionally get in the way of some local machine- to- machine activities like sharing files and folders. I strongly recommend you back up regularly. In fact, I can’t stress this enough. I hear about could be completely avoided simply by having up- to- date backups. Macrium Reflect and Ease. US Todo are the backup tools I currently use and recommend. More on backing up here: How Do I Back Up My Computer? Stay up- to- date. Keep your computer – Windows as well as all the applications you run – as up- to- date as possible. That means being sure that Windows Update is running. More on that in this article: How do I Make Sure that Windows is Up- To- Date? The vast majority of computer infections we hear about are due to individuals who have not kept their operating system or applications up- to- date with the latest available patches. 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Hexagon, Itanium, M3. R, m. 68k, META, Microblaze, MIPS, MN1. Nios II, Open. RISC, PA- RISC, Power. PC, s. 39. 0, S+core, Super. H, SPARC, TILE6. 4, Unicore. Xtensa. Kernel type. Monolithic (Linux kernel)Userland. GNU and various others[a]Default user interface. Many. License. GPLv. Linux" is a trademark[b])Linux ( ( listen)LIN- əks,[9][1. LYNE- əks)[1. 0][1. Unix- like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open- source software development and distribution. The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel,[1. September 1. 7, 1. Linus Torvalds.[1. The Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to describe the operating system, which has led to some controversy.[1. Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x. Because of the dominance of the Linux kernel- based Android OS on smartphones, Linux has the largestinstalled base of all general- purpose operating systems.[1. Linux is also the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers, and is used on 9. TOP5. 00supercomputers.[2. It is used by around 2. The Chromebook, which runs the Linux kernel- based Chrome OS, dominates the US K–1. US.[2. 4] Linux also runs on embedded systems – devices whose operating system is typically built into the firmware and is highly tailored to the system. This includes Ti. Vo and similar DVR devices, network routers, facility automation controls, televisions,[2. Many smartphones and tablet computers run Android and other Linux derivatives.[2. The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open- source software collaboration. The underlying source code may be used, modified and distributed—commercially or non- commercially—by anyone under the terms of its respective licenses, such as the GNU General Public License. Typically, Linux is packaged in a form known as a Linux distribution (or distro for short) for both desktop and server use. Some of the most popular and mainstream Linux distributions[2. Arch Linux, Cent. OS, Debian, Fedora, Gentoo Linux, Linux Mint, Mageia, open. SUSE and Ubuntu, together with commercial distributions such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server. Distributions include the Linux kernel, supporting utilities and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project, and usually a large amount of application software to fulfil the distribution's intended use. Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system, such as X1. Mir or a Wayland implementation, and an accompanying desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma 5; some distributions may also include a less resource- intensive desktop, such as LXDE or Xfce. Distributions intended to run on servers may omit all graphical environments from the standard install, and instead include other software to set up and operate a solution stack such as LAMP. Because Linux is freely redistributable, anyone may create a distribution for any intended use. History[edit]Antecedents[edit]The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in 1. AT& T's Bell Laboratories in the United States by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas Mc. Ilroy, and Joe Ossanna.[3. First released in 1. Unix was written entirely in assembly language, as was common practice at the time. Later, in a key pioneering approach in 1. C programming language by Dennis Ritchie (with the exception of some hardware and I/O routines). The availability of a high- level language implementation of Unix made its porting to different computer platforms easier.[3. Due to an earlier antitrust case forbidding it from entering the computer business, AT& T was required to license the operating system's source code to anyone who asked.[3. As a result, Unix grew quickly and became widely adopted by academic institutions and businesses. In 1. 98. 4, AT& T divested itself of Bell Labs; freed of the legal obligation requiring free licensing, Bell Labs began selling Unix as a proprietary product, where users weren't legally allowed to modify Unix. The GNU Project, started in 1. Richard Stallman, had the goal of creating a "complete Unix- compatible software system" composed entirely of free software. Work began in 1. 98. Later, in 1. 98. 5, Stallman started the Free Software Foundation and wrote the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) in 1. By the early 1. 99. Unix shell, and a windowing system) were completed, although low- level elements such as device drivers, daemons, and the kernel, called GNU/Hurd, were stalled and incomplete.[3. Linus Torvalds has stated that if the GNU kernel had been available at the time (1. Although not released until 1. BSD, from which Net. BSD, Open. BSD and Free. BSD descended, predated that of Linux. Torvalds has also stated that if 3. BSD had been available at the time, he probably would not have created Linux.[3. MINIX was created by Andrew S. Tanenbaum, a computer science professor, and released in 1. Unix- like operating system targeted at students and others who wanted to learn the operating system principles. Although the complete source code of MINIX was freely available, the licensing terms prevented it from being free software until the licensing changed in April 2. Creation[edit]In 1. University of Helsinki, Torvalds became curious about operating systems[4. MINIX, which at the time limited it to educational use only.[3. He began to work on his own operating system kernel, which eventually became the Linux kernel. Torvalds began the development of the Linux kernel on MINIX and applications written for MINIX were also used on Linux. Later, Linux matured and further Linux kernel development took place on Linux systems.[4. GNU applications also replaced all MINIX components, because it was advantageous to use the freely available code from the GNU Project with the fledgling operating system; code licensed under the GNU GPL can be reused in other computer programs as long as they also are released under the same or a compatible license. Torvalds initiated a switch from his original license, which prohibited commercial redistribution, to the GNU GPL.[4. Developers worked to integrate GNU components with the Linux kernel, making a fully functional and free operating system.[4. Linux. Linus Torvalds had wanted to call his invention "Freax", a portmanteau of "free", "freak", and "x" (as an allusion to Unix). During the start of his work on the system, some of the project's makefiles included the name "Freax" for about half a year. Torvalds had already considered the name "Linux", but initially dismissed it as too egotistical.[4. In order to facilitate development, the files were uploaded to the FTP server (ftp. FUNET in September 1. Ari Lemmke, Torvalds' coworker at the Helsinki University of Technology (HUT), who was one of the volunteer administrators for the FTP server at the time, did not think that "Freax" was a good name. So, he named the project "Linux" on the server without consulting Torvalds.[4. Later, however, Torvalds consented to "Linux". To demonstrate how the word "Linux" should be pronounced ( ( listen)LIN- əks[9][1. Torvalds included an audio guide ( listen (help·info)) with the kernel source code.[4. Another variant of pronunciation is LYN- əks.[1. Commercial and popular uptake[edit]Ubuntu, a popular Linux distribution. Adoption of Linux in production environments, rather than being used only by hobbyists, started to take off first in the mid- 1. NASA started to replace their increasingly expensive machines with clusters of inexpensive commodity computers running Linux. Commercial use followed when Dell and IBM, followed by Hewlett- Packard, started offering Linux support to escape Microsoft's monopoly in the desktop operating system market.[4. Today, Linux systems are used throughout computing, from embedded systems to supercomputers,[2. LAMP application stack.[4. Use of Linux distributions in home and enterprise desktops has been growing.[4. |
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